RISK FACTORS
Individual Risk Factors for Perpetration
- Low self-esteem
- Low income
- Low academic achievement
- Young age
- Aggressive or delinquent behavior as a youth
- Heavy alcohol and drug use
- Depression
- Anger and hostility
- Borderline personality traits
- Prior history of physical abuse
- Having few friends and being isolated from others
- Unemployment
- Emotional dependence and insecurity
- Belief in strict gender roles (e.g., male dominance and aggression in relationships)
- Desire for power and control in relationships
- Perpetrating psychological aggression
- Being a victim of physical or psychological abuse
- Experience with poor parenting as a child
- Experience with harsh physical discipline as a child